Estimation of dietary intake and sources of organohalogenated contaminants among infants: 24-h duplicate diet survey in Fukuoka, Japan

The widespread occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment is a matter concern. In this study, selected organohalogenated contaminants, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes (CHLs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), were measured complete meal sets (24-h duplicate-diet) Japanese infants to investigate levels, profiles, possible sources contamination. total, 46 whole-day meals (7–24-months old) collected during 2017 from Fukuoka, Japan. To best our knowledge, first report based on duplicate-diet method for infants. median intakes among POP groups highest ?DDTs (18 ng/day, maximum 251 ng/day), followed by ?PCBs (17 198 ?CHLs (14 105 HCB (11 64 TBP (3.5 109 ?HBCDs (1.9 70 TBBPA (0.72 34 ?PBDEs (0.11 4.5 ng/day). Among PCBs, PCB-138 PCB-153 most abundant congeners (27% 23%, respectively). p,p’-DDE, major DDT metabolite, accounted 96% total DDTs. PBDEs, BDE47 was only detected congener (present 4% samples). dietary intake targeted compounds lower than via breast milk, suggesting that exposure baby food limited. principal component analysis, chlorinated brominated separated 1, while ?-HBCD 2, likely differing emission time trend or source. PCB-153, PCB-138, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor correlated with seafood consumption (Spearman's ? = 0.45 0.57, p < 0.05), seaweed 0.46, 0.05). Also, four species commercial edible Japan analyzed confirm findings study. relatively high concentration (5.5 ± 6.6 ng/g wet weight) observed samples, indicating potential source TBP.